Water --  Technical Brief

1.Choosing an appropriate Technology for Water Treatment

Abstract:

The initial selection of an appropriate technology from a range of possibilities is the key to the successful operation of any facility — technologies are unlikely to function adequately if inappropriate choices are made at the outset. Although this is understood by many, people often underestimate how difficult the choice can be.

Link

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/49-choosing-an-appropriate-technology.pdf

2.SMALL EARH DAM

Abstract:

This Technical Brief is concerned with the typical small dam (up to about three metres high) which is built across a stream to form a reservoir. It provides guidance on planning, design and construction, but professional help should always be sought before building any dam whose failure could endanger lives, property or the environment. Care must also be taken to avoid the health hazards of reservoirs, including schistosomiasis and polluted water; and the rights of existing users of the water and land must be protected.

Link

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/48-small-earth-dams.pdf

3.SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION DESIGN

Abstract:

Small-scale irrigation can be defined as irrigation, usually on small plots, in which small farmers have the controlling influence, using a level of technology which they can operate and maintain effectively. Small-scale irrigation is, therefore, farmer-managed: farmers must be involved in the design process and, in particular, with decisions about boundaries, the layout of the canals, and the position of outlets and bridges. Although some small-scale irrigation systems serve an individual farm household, most serve a group of farmers, typically comprising between 5 and 50 households.

Link

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/42-small-scale-irrigation-design.pdf

4.Re-use of Waste Water

Abstract:

In many arid and semi-arid countries, wastewater is becoming an increasingly important source of irrigation water. The demands of growing urban communities for both food and water require the agricultural sector not only to increase food production but also to reduce its use of natural water resources. At the same time the volume of sewage effluent is increasing, and safe disposal can be difficult. The use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation is the obvious solution, but few people have expertise in the full range of technology involved.

This Technical Brief considers situations where it may be appropriate to re-use wastewater for agriculture and introduces the different types of wastewater re-use scheme. It also provides a recommended guide to water quality for irrigation, and outlines, using diagrams, the necessary procedures for treating wastewater.

Link

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/37-re-use-of-wastewater.pdf

5.Upgrading Traditional Well

Abstract:

Wells have been used to obtain water since ancient times. Some wells have been in continuous use for hundreds of years. Others are fairly new, but have been built by traditional methods. Good quality water can usually be obtained from a well that is properly constructed, maintained, and used. Some traditional wells are excellent. Others are not and need upgrading.

Link

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/39-upgrading-traditional-wells.pdf

6.Household Water Treatment 1

Abstract:

This Technical Brief is the first of two examining the treatment of water in the home. Here we introduce the subject, and cover treatment by straining, storage, settlement, solar disinfection, chemical disinfection, and boiling. The second Brief (No. 59) considers treatment by coagulation, flocculation, filtration and solar distillation, and covers aspects of the reduction of some chemical concentrations.

Link

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/58-household-water-treatment-1.pdf

7.Household Water Treatment 2

Abstract:

This Technical Brief is the second of two which examine the treatment of water at household level. The first (No.58) introduced the topic and covered treatment by straining, storage, settlement, solar disinfection, chemical disinfection and boiling. This Brief considers treatment by coagulation, flocculation, filtration and solar distillation and covers aspects of the reduction of some chemical concentrations.

Link

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/59-household-water-treatment-2.pdf

8.HUMAN-POWERED WATER-LIFTERS

Abstract:

The choice of water lifters available is large and varied, making the selection of an appropriate device difficult. In America and Europe during the 19th century the design of mass-produced hand pumps evolved by trial and error rather than through scientific research and development. There is now a large number of adequate, rather than optimum, designs conceived by local manufacturers, and it is hard to know which pump is the best for each application. This brief presents an overview of the types of humanpowered water-lifters available, the applications appropriate to them and their comparative advantages.

Link

http://practicalaction.org/docs/technical_information_service/human_water_lifters.pdf

9.HYDRAULIC RAM PUMPS

Abstract:

The hydraulic ram pump, or hydram, concept was first developed by the Mongolfier brothers inFrance in 1796 (they are better remembered for their pioneering work with hot-air balloons).Essentially, a hydram is an automatic pumping device which utilises a small fall of water to lift a fraction of the supply flow to a much greater height; ie it uses a larger flow of water falling through a small head to lift a small flow of water through a higher head. The main virtue of the hydram is that its only moving parts are two valves, and it is therefore mechanically very simple. This gives it very high reliability, minimal maintenance requirements and a long operation life.      

Link 

http://practicalaction.org/docs/technical_information_service/hydraulic_ram_pumps.pdf

10.Solar (Photovoltaic) Water Pumping

Abstract:

Water pumping has a long history, so many methods have been developed to pump water with a minimum of effort. These have utilised a variety of power sources, namely human energy, animal power, hydro power, wind, solar and fossil fuels for small generators.

Link

http://practicalaction.org/docs/technical_information_service/solar_pv_waterpumps.pdf

11.Treatment of Tannery Waste water

Abstract: 

Manufacturing of leather goods releases numerous solid wastes in the water causing tremendous health hazards. This water requires treatment which is done by various methods like mechanical, Effluent, post purification, sedimentation and sludge handling methods. 

Link

http://www.gate-international.org/briefs.htm

12. Anaerobic method of Municipal wastewater treatment

Abstract: 

The additional benefit of wastewater treatment by anaerobic method is that the solid waste is reduced by 50-80%. Moreover, the final sludge is biologically stable and can serve as fertilizers or soil conditioners for agriculture.

Link 

http://www.gate-international.org/briefs.htm

13. Decentralised wastewater treatment methods for developing countries 

Abstract: 

In many developing countries, the public and private waste water management is deficient resulting in environmental degradation. The decentralized approach is the most appropriate one. 

Link 

http://www.gate-international.org/briefs.htm